THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Though theoretical, the absence of an appropriate adult during the initial questioning stage might lead to wrong conviction of a suspect or even witness. Mark, 2006, restorative justice looks at the concept of allowing adults presence in a trial of a mentally vulnerable persons or children for that matter. He tries to dissect the implications that the absence of an adult would have or mean for a case involving a mentally vulnerable individual.

The main concern in Mark’s book is the way in which mentally vulnerable criminals with cases of mental vulnerability are viewed by the police. The author describes evidently why such mentally vulnerable criminals deserve more recognition and in the police custody as opposed to what is accorded to them. In most cases these mentally vulnerable criminals also referred to as remedial, basic and/ or poor mentally vulnerable criminals due to the limited opportunity and narrow understanding in them and not because of insufficient skills and intelligence. Social and economic forces have a profound influence on the performance and intelligence of mentally vulnerable mentally vulnerable criminals. According to Rose, the contemporary method of assessing and learning are misused and short sighted especially when dealing with mentally vulnerable criminal.

In relation to the author’s argument, it is evident from my own experience in some criminal cases. The police in some cases do not recognize, leave alone appreciate the presence and according assistance to the mentally vulnerable mentally vulnerable criminals. In most cases, mentally vulnerable criminals have failed to understand what they are questioned in the cells and ended up implicating themselves during the questioning Some give unreliable witness accounts which may eventually lead to false implication of a given suspect. Even a mentally convenient criminal would not perform well if he/she is undergoing through domestic stress in the family, this has failed many mentally vulnerable mentally vulnerable criminals in most courts. When the mentally vulnerable persons are being questioned, especially when they are having other pressing problems they tend to have fear within them. a factor which makes them agree with most of the police’s implications and during court proceedings, they are likely to articulate

to a lawyers advantage leading to inaccurate ratio dividend. As the author illustrates, the mentally vulnerable mentally vulnerable criminals require an adult’s presence during the questioning to enable for the provision of accurate information in a given case. Due to these arising situations due to the lack of an appropriate adult, Ross provides the best avenue for assistance by bringing in the appropriate adults to help the mentally vulnerable mentally vulnerable criminals or witnesses. The justice system is based on how mentally vulnerable criminals and the adult’s presence introduced to the police for questioning usually impacts on the less mentally vulnerable criminals who needs more attention in order to provide reliable information in the particular case. "More often than not we admit, an absence of an adult is social more than intellectual in origin" (225), this is directly linked with the nature of questioning and testing experience in that most mentally vulnerable criminals retain mental incapacitie

s and hence are not solely reliable for the information they provide to assist in investigation of a particular case. They are often blamed for such mistakes which evidently result from their cultural and social backgrounds.

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History of gangs in the UK

A number of scholars has examined the complex relationships of young women involved with delinquency and gangs. Until the last ten to fifteen years, the subject has been largely dismissed by male scholars in sociology and criminology, and has been generally treated with prurience and sensationalism in the media. The 1992 NIJ National Gang Survey reported ninety-nine independent female gangs spread over thirty-five law enforcement jurisdictions. Estimates of female gang membership in New York City range between eight thousand and forty-thousand members, 10 percent of whom are female (Campbell 1995). Like male members, they become active in their early teens, and may maintain gang membership into their thirties. Many have children, and although marriage is not commonplace, neither is it rare.

Campbell (1995) asserts that traditional scholarship in female gangs has mythologized the roles taken by such girls. A primary myth is that girls join gangs for upward mobility. Despite their lower-working-class status, these young women are basically choice makers, determined to improve upon their family's circumstances. Middle-class values and lifestyles include postponing the fulfilment of immediate wants in favor of future goals and making an effort to improve oneself. Girls envision marrying for love, having a supportive husband for bearing the burden of raising the children, and living well. These girls have been viewed as "dabbling" in gangs, as part of an adolescent phase, but eventually left behind as the virtuous role of "good girl" takes over.

The other prong of the gang girl myth is that she is "bad." She holds no illusions about her socioeconomic status and the lack of opportunities it affords. She is likely to have performed poorly in school, particularly if English was not the language spoken in the home. The struggle for money is relentless, and she is taunted by television stories of the wealthy and prominent, but knows this will never materialize for her unless she "wins the lotto." Being "bad" provides an outlet, a diversion from the monotony of her life and that of her friends. Possessions and partying are major preoccupations. Authority figures provide opportunities to prove toughness and control in challenging situations.

With both female stereotypes, males figure prominently. With the "good" girls, they compete as peers, fighting with the boys, backing them up. Gang girls are stereotyped as "tomboys," even taking up criminal activity, such as robbery. The major difference between the two--and they are both engaged in promiscuous sexual liaisons--is that the former maintains heraffiliative relationships with other females, whereas the "bad" girl, now denigrated into a "sex object," focuses exclusively upon male relationships. This restrictive role portrayal does justice to no one, for, according to Campbell (1995).

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